DENNIS LIU – SENIOR PROGRAM OFFICER, HOWARD HUGHES MEDICAL INSTITUTE
Will Sequencing the Human Genome be Good for Your Health
Spelling the more than 3 billion letters of the human genome is an enormous technical and intellectual achievement. This “moon-shot” for biology lays the groundwork for a thrilling series of questions and investigations. How many genes are there and how many proteins do they code for? What do these proteins do? How are all the organisms on earth related? Continuing to unravel and dissect the meaning of the human genome will have a profound impact on how we view our place in the natural world and for what it means to be human. In the dawning post-genomic era scientists are turning their attention to understanding how sequenced genomes can be used as a research tool for answering fundamental questions about evolution and biological functions. Understandably, most people want to know about the practical ramifications of the genome projects, in particular the potential human health benefits. Recent advances in molecular biology and human genetics have already spawned an era of “molecular medicine.” The Howard Hughes Medical Institute employs many investigators who work in this area, using advanced tools to better understand leading killers like hypertension and to develop better diagnostic tools and therapies. HHMI also has complementary training and science education programs that address the challenges of teaching biology in the midst of a genomics revolution. Having complete genome sequences for pathogens and for humans and related species has the potential to extend and accelerate the molecular medicine revolution. Researchers and clinicians will have the ability to look at the activity of many, perhaps all genes simultaneously, instead of assaying the activity of only a small handful of genes. Using DNA microarrays or gene chips, which can assay the function of many genes at once under various conditions --for example cancerous versus normal cells-- will improve cancer diagnosis and potentially lead to better choices among current therapies. Genomic and proteomic approaches are also kindling great hopes for ushering in a new era of rational drug design and discovery. A technique called RNA interference (RNAi) --first discovered in the research animal C. elegans-- can be used to block the activity of specific genes, and the technique is much more powerful in organisms with sequenced genomes. Recently progress has been made in making this technique work in mammalian cells and may one day find practical application as a therapeutic tool.
BARBARA FULLER – ACTING BRANCH CHIEF OF POLICY, EDUCATION, AND OUTREACH – NATIONAL HUMAN GENOME RESEARCH INSTITUTE
Bring the Human Genome Project into the Classroom
With the complete working draft of the human genome sequence now available and remarkable strides being made in all aspects of human genetics, students and the general public need new and more effective tools to aid in their understanding of genomics and how it will improve health and affect our lives. Initiatives to improve public understanding will be presented, including an overview of a new, free multimedia educational kit, The Human Genome Project: Exploring our Molecular Selves. The implications of the new genetic knowledge and technologies for public policy and the need for protections against misuse of genetic information will be discussed.
GEORGIA DUNSTON – CHAIR, DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY, HOWARD UNIVERSITY
JAN WITKOWSKI – DIRECTOR, BANBURY CENTER, COLD SPRING HARBOR LABORATORY
How the Public Learns Genetics: The Case of Genetic Determinism
The press is an important source of genetic information, but much of this information is presented as though our behaviors are genetically determined. This is especially true for one of the most important sections of a newspaper-the comics. I shall use the portrayal of genetic determinism in the cartoons as an example of one of the ways
in which the public gets its genetics education.
ARTHUR MITCHELL – NEW JERSEY STATE SUPERVISOR FOR THE SCIENCES
Educational Standards and Direction for the Future
The educational standards process involves an evolution in which "core and essential beliefs" are continually defined, examined, and re-defined. With a rapidly expanding base of knowledge and technology, it is imperative that the framers of national, state, and local standards keep pace with the influx of information and requisite skills. It is imperative that the research community is adept to reaching those who are conduits of knowledge, the teachers.
MYLES GORDON – VICE PRESIDENT FOR EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS, THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
JOE MCINERNEY – DIRECTOR OF THE COALITION FOR HEALTH PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION IN GENETICS
From Information to Complexity: Educating Health Professionals
The February publication of the draft sequence of the human genome presents significant opportunities and challenges for health professionals as genetic medicine finds its way increasingly into all aspects of health care. The educational opportunities and challenges are significant as well, requiring the education of a broad array of professionals who will encounter and employ new genetic knowledge in diverse contexts. The National Coalition for Health Professional Education in Genetics (NCHPEG) has developed a set of core competencies in genetics for health professionals that are helping to guide education in the health-care community. This presentation will review those guidelines and will highlight the most significant conceptual and practical challenges to the integration of genetic perspectives into health care.
DAVID MICKLOS – DIRECTOR OF THE DOLAN DNA LEARNING CENTER
Thinking About Human Population Genomics
The same isolation of populations that produced unique languages and cultures also produced unique gene combinations. Although the advent of air travel has been a great mixer of genes and culture, some world populations still preserve the genetic residue of their founders. The race to exploit the human genome sequence for the genes behind common illnesses may increasingly rely on these unique populations, in which certain rare gene variants have been concentrated within relatively a homogeneous genetic background. The “tailoring” of medicines to the genetic variants of human populations is the first step towards genetically individualized medicine, or pharmacogenetics. For these reasons, it is incumbent upon educators to bring the concepts of population genetics strongly back into biology. The Dolan DNA Learning Center (DNALC) has developed a unified set of experimental and Internet tools to explore concepts of similarity and variation in human populations, and how this relates to our past and future.
ARNOLD J. LEVINE – PRESIDENT, THE ROCKEFELLER UNIVERSITY
Genes that Predispose Families to Developing Cancers
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