CHAPTER 4

Electronic Configuration of the Atom

General Information
- Matter and Energy: Spectroscopy - Links to discussions on the nature of light, the continuous spectrum, Plank and photons, line spectra (Dr. James A. Plambeck, University of Alberta).
- Modern Atomic Theory - Lecture notes; large print, colorful (General Chemistry I, Professor David P.White, SUNY at New Platz).
- Quantum mechanics and atomic structure; Properties of waves AND Blackbody radiation; Photoelectric effect AND Spectra of one-electron atoms - Lecture notes (General Chemistry, Dan Dill, Boston University).
- Atomic Structure and Periodicity - Includes Quantum Numbers, Orbital Shapes, Orbital Energies, Electronic Configuration, Periodicity, etc. (Patrick A Limbach, Louisiana State Univ.).
- Electronic Structure of the Atom - Notes on Quantum Theory (Gwen Sibert, Roanoke Valley Govenor's School).
- Why Quantum Mechanics? - Visual Materials: Quantum Mechanics is the Foundation of Chemistry, The Structure of Atoms and Molecules, The Interaction of Light with Molecules, Uses of Quantum Mechanics.
- Quantum Theory - Chapter from an Electronic Textbook; college-level (C.David Sherrill, University of Georgia)

Bohr Theory
- The Bohr Model of Hydrogen - Discussion of the Bohr Atom AND Consequences of the Bohr Model of Hydrogen - Bohr's model and Planck's equation AND Quantum Theory of Atoms - Contributions of Einstein, de Broglie, and Schroedinger (James A. Plambeck, Univ. of Alberta).
- Bohr Model - Lecture notes (General Chemistry, Dan Dill Boston University).
- The Bohr Atom - Lecture notes for Chem 10 (Dartmouth).
- Rutherford Model of the Atom and Bohr Model of the Atom - from CH352 Physical Chemistry Lecture notes (Dan Dill, Boston University).
- Electron Transitions for the Hydrogen Atom - Drawing illustrating Lyman, Balmer, Paschen and Brackett Series.
- Electromagnetic Spectrum Color image of Visible Light Spectrum with wavelengths; Chart of Electromagnetic Spectrum with Type of Radiation, Frequency Range, Wavelength Range and Type of Transition.
- Electromagnetic Radiation - Sections: General introduction with drawing (schematic of an electromagnetic wave), wave-particle duality, de Broglie equation.
- Wavefunctions - Brief notes on Shrodinger Equation (Dartmouth).
- Spectroscopy - Discussion includes absorption, emission and scattering; links to related information sources.
- Spectroscope - A Description, Using the spectroscope, Taking readings, Calibrating the spectroscope (UW-Madison)
- The World of the Quantum - Basic information
- The Atom - Visual Material: Quantum Mechanics of the Hydrogen Atom, Hamiltonian and Wave Functions of the Hydrogen Aton, Hydrogen Atom Quantum Numbers, Quantum Mechanics of Multielectron Atoms.
Quantum Numbers
- Angular Momentum Quantum Number - Periodic Table color-coded for angular momentum quantum number.
- The Four Quantum Numbers - Basic description of the four quantum numbers (James A. Plambeck, Univ. of Alberta)
- Quantum Numbers, Atomic Radius, Ionic Radius - Table of quantum numbers for the first four levels of orbitals in the hydrogen atom, periodic table graphis illustrating atomic and ionic size of the elements; information from text by Zumdahl (Univ. of IL).
- A Brief Review of Quantum Chemistry - (C. David Sherrill, University of Georgia).
- Basics of Quantum Mechanics - Links to sections containing graphics and movies (UCSD).
- Quantum Numbers - Explained simply with graphics (Mark's Chemistry Tutor -- this site was constructed by someone with a degree in chemisry who is/was a TA)
Energies of Electrons
Shells, Subshells, and Orbitals
Shapes of Orbitals
- Orbitals - Graphics of p, d, and f orbitals; from text by Zumdahl (Univ. of IL).
- Shapes of Atomic Orbitals - Discussion of types of orbitals and their shapes (Dr. James A. Plambeck, University of Alberta).
- Atomic Theory - 3-D Models of Atomic Orbitals AND 3-D Models of Atomic Orbitals - VRML (Virtual Reality Modeling Language) models of atomic orbitals by Dr. Yue-Ling Wong; need a viewer such as WebSpace; includes links to images of orbitals if you don't have a viewer.(Yue-Ling Wong).
- Atomic Orbitals - graphics and movies to visualize the atomic orbitals of the hydrogen atom (University of California at San Diego).
- Chemical Bonding: Approach of Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals - Discussion of the different types of orbital hybridization (Dr. James A. Plambeck, University of Alberta).
- Shapes of Orbitals - Wave Function, Electron Distribution, and Orbital Size Demos AND Hybrid Orbitals - Snap-shots of three sp2 orbitals (Knowledge by Design).
- Synopsis of Hybridization Discussion sp, sp², sp³ hybridization (CHEM-212, University of North Dakota).
- Atomic Orbitals - Visual Material: Conventions for Atomic Orbitals, Visualizing Atomic Orbitals, Examples of Atomic Orbital Visualization. [ Alternate link ]
Energy Level Diagrams
- Energy Level Diagrams Links to graphics for Atomic Energy Levels, Molecular Energy Levels and Solid State Band Theory (Brian M. Tissue).
Periodic Variation of Electronic Configuration
- Periodicity - Lecture notes; large print, colorful, good graphics (General Chemistry I, Professor David P.White, SUNY at New Platz).
- Deriving the Periodic Chart of Elements - Explains electron configuration and its relationship to the periodic table (James A. Plambeck, Univ. of Alberta).
- Consequences of Electronic Structure - Discusses electronic and oxidation states, electronic structures and ionization energies, electronic structure and electron affinities sizes of atoms and ions (James A. Plambeck, Univ. of Alberta).
- Periodic TablETRIS - A game to improve your memory of element position on the periodic table; need Netscape 2.0 or higher with Shockwave Plug-in to play on the net; can download executable program (1.0M Mac, 831k windows) if you don't have the plug-in.