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A Plague of Frogs--Study Questions to accompany the book.
CHAPTER 7: Rumors, Theories, Rules of Engagement
1. What was Joe Tietge’s purpose in contacting Cindy Reinitz?
2. Why did Tietge need to find a new problem to solve?
3. Explain why chemical influence on frog development would be a promising area of research.
4. Why did Ankley and Tietge pursue developing a bioassay of amphibians?
5. What agent did Ankley and Tietge think was causing the disruption of limb out growth?
6. Why are complex mixtures considered to be stubbornly unyielding for scientists?
7. What are “effects-based” approaches according to the EPA?
8. Explain how science is analogous to a great city.
9. Based upon what study did Tietge seek out Ken Muneoka?
10. Explain the stages of development in frog embryos.
11. Explain the analogy of the development of the limbs to the half time card show.
12. What is the significance of intercalation?
13. Why does retinoic acid play a critical role in limb development?
14. Distinguish receptors as “biological hair triggers” from other hormones.
15. Hypothesize how limb induction occurs through cell-to-cell communication.
16. What hypothesis did Sessions provide as explanation for the deformities occurring in frog population.
17. How would a visible frog be created in the lab?
18. By what method could parasites enter a frog?
19. Summarize the experiment Sessions carried out with the resin beads in the limb buds in order to demonstrate the plausibility of his
hypothesis of parasites scrambling the blueprint of limb development.
20. Why did the cysts not cause deformities in all the frogs in which they were found?
21. What is a coevolved system?
22. Given that Sessions had seemingly proved that parasites were the culprit causing the malformed limbs, why was the case not discontinued?
23. Explain the relationship between frogs and humans that would impose concern for environmental degradation.
24. What is meant by “phylogeny recapitulates ontogeny” with reference to the published article in Genetics.
25. Why would the farmers be hesitant to report frog deformities occurring on their land?
26. Why might Minnesota want to change the slogan on their state license plates?
27. What is the function of the Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology Team in Duluth?
28. What is a bioactive chemical?
29. What do you think a xenobiotic agent is?
30. Define inference.
31. Describe the formation of specialized tissues in a frog embryo.
32. What is the property known as intercalation?
33. What does retinoic acid do in limb formation?
34. What is a supernumerary limb?
35. What is a retinoid?
36. Make a list of endocrine disruptors.
37. Describe the outcomes of the process known as clearing and staining.
38. What is the role of an intermediate host in the life cycle of a parasite?
39. Outline the life history of a digenetic trematode.
40. What is the function of a metacercarial cyst?
41. What is a stochastic episode?
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